Architecture design and demand analysis on application layer of standard system for ubiquitous power Internet of Things

0 Introduction

The ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIoT)is based on a collaborative “empty heaven earth” integrated communication network of the Internet and takes the platform services and data sharing as the core.The UPIoT has wisdom,diversity,and ecological characteristics,and it includes the perception,network,platform,and application layers.The UPIoT covers the energy power “port-net-cloud”for each link.It can not only realize the interconnection of each link of the power system but also the human-computer interaction [1].The UPIoT and the strong smart grid promote each other and develop in an integrated manner.The UPIoT is a new network system with the connotations of state holographic perception,efficient data processing,convenient and flexible application,diversified business development,new service experience,and open and shared ecology [2].

The UPIoT fully realizes the interconnection of all things and the human-computer interaction in each link of the power system and significantly improves the ability of automatic data acquisition,automatic acquisition,and flexible application [3].At the same time,it can also build an energy internet ecosystem able to adapt to social forms,create an industry ecology,and cultivate emerging business forms [4].

The construction of the UPIoT application layer opens up a new road for safe operation,lean management,precise investment,and quality service of power grids.At the same time,it can give full play to the unique advantages of power grids and activate the huge blue ocean market of the digital economy.The establishment of a standard system and the formulation and proposal of key core standards will be an important starting point for the construction of the UPIoT application layer.

1 Current status of related application layer standards for the UPIoT

1.1 UPIoT standardization work in China

The development of standards for the UPIoT in China has achieved initial results.Under the guidance of the National Development and Reform Commission,the National Standards Commission,and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,the standardization of the IoT has made rapid progress.In June 2009,the National Standardization Technical Committee for the Digitization of Intelligent Buildings and Residential Areas was established[5].In 2010-2012,the National Working Group on IoT Fundamental Standards and a Working Group on Industrial Application Standards for the IoT were established.In 2012-2017,the national standard committee set up many working groups for the standardization of IoT applications.On November 13,2019,the sub-technical committee of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Information Technology on the IoT was established,which is mainly responsible for the standardization of basic IoT technologies,such as IoT architecture,terminology,data processing,interoperability,sensor network,test,and evaluation [6].

1.2 UPIoT standardization work in foreign countries

A number of IoT architectures and reference architectures have been provided by different international standards bodies and IoT-focused alliances.ISO/IEC JTC1 chartered its Working Group WG10 to review and provide recommendations and to develop IoT international standards.The first major outcome of this group was the working draft of the international standard ISO/IEC 30141 [7].This working draft provides key insights into the issues facing IoT implementers,particularly specific aspects of the IoT architecture design and implementation,and helps IoT architects to design IoT systems with seamless interoperability and plug-and-play features.The draft defines the various components of the IoT as well as the conceptual model,reference model,and reference architecture for multiple views.It provides a theoretical basis and reference for the construction of a standard system for the application layer of the UPIoT.

The ITU-T,ITU-R,and ITU-D of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)are responsible for the allocation and management of the global radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources and the development of global telecommunications standards [8].The IoT reference model provided by the ITU completes the management and security capabilities required by the application layer,and it is very helpful to build a standard system for the UPIoT application layer.

2 Architecture design of an application layer standard system for the UPIoT

2.1 Layer architecture

The UPIoT application layer is responsible for the task of judging,monitoring,and directing the entire system [9].As the top of the system,the application layer shall conduct all-directional,all-weather,and whole-process monitoring of the power flow status,energy interaction,and operation of the power grid within its jurisdiction.The UPIoT application layer is jointly participated by the field staff and computers to realize the analysis,calculation,monitoring,and control of the entire system [10].

Based on the discussion above,the UPIoT application layer is mainly divided into three levels,namely,internal business,foreign business,and emerging business,as shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1 Layered architecture of UPIoT application layer

2.2 System Framework

According to the relevant technology,development situation,and the State Grid’s “three types and two grids”strategy,a conceptual model diagram of the application layer standard domain is drawn.According to the development needs of the application layer of the UPIoT,the application layer division method of international standards organizations and research institutions is used for a preliminary analysis of its conceptual model,and the construction and improvement of standards in the application layer related fields are carried out in a targeted manner [11].

The technical standard system for the application layer of the UPIoT adopts the overall architecture consisting of“5 professional fields,13 technical fields,and 42 standard series,” which has the characteristics of inheritance,expansibility,and practicability.

The technical standard framework of the UPIoT application layer is shown in Fig.2.

Fig.2 UPIoT application layer technical standard system framework

3 Demand analysis and planning of related standards at the application layer of UPIoT

The application layer of the UPIoT focuses on internal and external customers,providing flexible,fast,and high-quality application services for these customers.It also supports the internal optimization management and improves the quality and efficiency.In addition,it can also promote new business integration development and solve the value creation problem of data.A business consists of many services,each of which involves resources,methods,quality,benefits,standards,and other contents [12].

3.1 Customer service

Customer service is a type of service in which users actively adjust the power consumption of their own equipment according to the grid or power side signals,so as to realize the information integration of the adjustable load resources on the demand side,transmission and distribution resources,and power generation resources.It can support real-time information interaction between the demand,grid,and power generation sides.Thus,it exerts the value and benefits of an adjustable load on the demand side in many aspects,such as peak and frequency regulation of the power grid,thus promoting the consumption of clean energy and improving the energy efficiency of customers.Finally,it can help in the stable and safe operation of a power grid [13].

1)Intelligent electricity interaction takes advantage of the adjustable characteristics of load resources to participate in the demand response,auxiliary services,and marketbased transactions.The user side involves various types of loads and equipment.Through the standardization of the intelligent electricity interaction,the UPIoT promotes the interconnection of user-side devices.

Demand response.At present,the framework of the demand response standard system has been preliminarily built,and it involves the user interface information model,system technology,terminal technology,and other aspects.With the gradual growth of application scenarios and user types of the demand response,it is necessary to formulate relevant standards in terms of standardized construction of user demand response systems,potential analysis of multitype industries,and evaluation of the effect of the demand response.

Charging and discharging of electric vehicles (EVs).As of October 2020,the total number of points of the charging infrastructure in China was 1.498 million,and the number of EVs was more than four million.There is still a need to develop a series of standards for the discharge of EVs to the grid and the interaction between electric vehicle charging facilities and the grid.

Port shore power. The Shore Power Facilities Committee was established in 2017 in the energy industry,and a system of standards for shore power facilities was built.The system of standards mainly includes general rules,terminology,port power systems,shore power supply systems,ship-shore connection systems,shipborne access systems,and shore power construction and operation,but the information interaction of shore power has not been considered.At the same time,in recent years,there has been a momentum for rapid development of batterypowered ships.At present,only the mandatory ship energy efficiency design index of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)and the industry specifications of the China Classification Society “Guidelines for Inspection of Solar Photovoltaic System and LiFePO4 Battery System” have been established.There are no corresponding standards for shore power facility construction,detection,experimentation,connection interface,operation,and maintenance of electric boats.

2)The marketing customer service is the enterprise’s external window and service antennae.It can respond quickly to changes in customer needs and capture market dynamics in a timely manner.With the rapid development of the economy and society,“Internet +” emerging businesses are booming.By innovating the business model,strengthening the service ability,improving the service mechanism,and other measures,the marketing customer service can meet the personalized,diversified,and multitype changing customer needs to realize a customercentered service concept.Thus,it can finally provide new momentum for the implementation of the strategic goals of enterprise development [14].

Intelligent business hall.To improve the modern service system,continue to optimize the electric power business environment,and promote the development of power supply services to the network involving interaction and customization,it is necessary to formulate general requirements for the interaction between the intelligent business hall and the customers,standardize the service content of the intelligent business hall,develop a series of intelligent standards,and improve the customer service experience.

Mobile operation applications.At present,it is difficult for mobile operations to manage complex field operations with low work efficiency.Therefore,it is urgent to develop a series of R＆D and integration standards and field operation specifications for marketing mobile operation platforms,applications,and terminals,so as to realize the“multi-terminal normalization” of different professional business terminals and applications.

Customer interaction services.At present,there are difficulties in the coordinated development of online and offline channels,business integration,and overall management and control of customer interaction services.Therefore,relevant standards,such as unified interfaces,unified service interfaces,and unified experience,should be formulated.

3.2 Power grid operation

The main specifications of the power grid operation are power grid dispatching instruction and power grid operation criteria.It also standardizes the comprehensive energy simulation analysis of water,electricity,gas,heat,energy storage,and other energy forms and the comprehensive analysis standards of operation control,safety risk,and operation benefit.This includes the specific functions of a comprehensive energy simulation application and the determination of simulation calculation data,a digital simulation test,and operation control technical specifications.

1)Smart power transmission and transformation is an important manifestation of the strong backbone network of smart power grids in the construction of the “three types and two networks” of the State Grid Corporation of China[15].It is a bridge connecting the large-scale development and utilization of energy and is an indispensable part of the construction of a smart power grid.

Online monitoring of power transmission and transformation equipment.Online monitoring devices,of parameters such as dissolved gas in oil and oil temperature are commonly configured in substation equipment.Some of these substations are equipped with monitoring devices such as iron core grounding current,local discharge,casing pressure,temperature,hydrogen,voice grain vibration,micro-water,and multi-spectral monitoring devices.A standard system for monitoring equipment application and detection has been established.With the continuous application of new sensing technologies such as photoacoustic spectroscopy,optical fiber sensing,microelectromechanical system (MEMS)sensing,and low-power array sensing,new requirements have been put forward for the reliability and intelligence level of online monitoring equipment,and relevant standards need to be formulated and revised.

Three-dimensional inspection of transmission and transformation equipment and channels. In power transmission and transformation in all-weather threedimensional inspection application scenarios,to carry out the three-dimensional inspection standard system revision work,the functions and quality requirements of the threedimensional inspection equipment,collaborative inspection content and way,inspection operation technology,operation data processing analysis (intelligent recognition)containing defects,and so on,should be established.At the same time,the test and inspection standards for the intelligent inspection equipment,full specification of the three-dimensional inspection technology application,enhancement of the level of the power transmission and transformation equipment,and channel all-weather threedimensional inspection should be determined.

Power satellite remote sensing.For the power industry,electric power customized satellite remote sensing application service standards lag significantly behind the practical application; however,a relatively perfect inspection method of satellite remote sensing data product standards and specifications has been established; however,satellite remote sensing of the electric power industry safety control and inspection processes is still lacking,and there is a need for satellite remote sensing products and processing,“empty-to-day” multi-source data fusion processing and application of perception,and power industry standards of satellite remote sensing application services.

2)In the development and construction of the UPIoT application layer,smart power distribution mainly involves a distributed energy grid with wind,light,gas,heat,and cold having distributed energy security and efficient and economic access to power grids as the goal.Planning,control,and other means should be employed to ensure stable and reliable distributed energy access and efficient use [16].

Distributed energy cluster control interacts with multiple energy sources.To solve the problems of poor single-unit controllability of the distributed power supply and the heavy communication burden of a centralized regulation and control,and to ensure a stable and reliable access to large-scale renewable energy,it is necessary to carry out standardization work in the numerical simulation of multiple types of distributed energy,grid-connected control of distributed energy clusters,and testing of distributed energy systems.

Distributed energy information interaction and security. To realize an effective and efficient management of distributed energy sources,such as distributed power supplies,energy storage devices,and adjustable loads,which are distributed in a large number of locations,and to improve the energy efficiency and tap the market potential,it is necessary to carry out standardization work in the aspects of basic common use,operation control,and market participation of virtual power plants.

Distribution network operation monitoring and state control. With the continuous development and upgrading of the power distribution monitoring and operation technology,the equipment layer,network layer,and master station technology of the distribution network are rapidly updated.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out standardization work in the aspects of power distribution automation system/equipment function,detection,and planning.With the rapid development of new energy generation,energy storage,DC load and power electronics technologies,the operation mode and key equipment of the DC distribution network are significantly different from those of the traditional distribution network.Hence,standardization work should be carried out in protection devices and strategies for the AC and DC distribution network.

3)Intelligent dispatch is the central command system of the UPIoT,a quick response “force” to ensure the safety of the power grid,and a bridge directly connecting the market participants with the power grid command center.Dispatching automation is the automation of power system dispatching using computers as the core control system and remote technology,which includes operation monitoring,safety analysis,state estimation,load prediction,automatic generation control,automatic voltage control,economic dispatching,and other technical contents.Standardization of dispatching automation is an important guarantee for power system security,stability,economic operation,and highquality power supply [17].

Dispatching automation support platform. After long-term evolution from the Open3000 and CC2000 to the D5000 support platform,which is widely used at present,the scheduling automation support platform is actively adopting the latest IT technology achievements such as cloud computing,big data,artificial intelligence,and block chains to improve the level of automation.To provide distributed and high-performance basic support to adapt to the development trend of layered and partitioned integration of the entire network for upper-level scheduling automation applications,standardization work should be carried out in the scheduling cloud management platform and the scheduling control system support platform.

Dispatching automation application function.Dispatching automation applications need to provide fine and rapid analysis and integration of the scheduling plan.This requires the coordination of closed-loop real-time control decisions,as well as the interactive load optimal dispatch of a wide range of wide-areas.This should be realized based on a precise model of the entire network with an integration analysis.It should be able to take the initiative in a timely manner,accurately find the vulnerabilities of the interconnected power grids,and then meet future short time periods (minutes)with a high degree of refinement of the day,comply with the requirements of a real-time scheduling plan,and finally realize a comprehensive utilization of multiple energies.This standardization should be carried out in scheduling cloud application services and scheduling and control system scheduling applications.

Dispatching automation application scenarios. With the construction and development of smart grid dispatching and a control system and regulatory cloud,it is necessary to clearly distinguish various business scenarios in power grid dispatching and operation production,realize flexible construction of scenarios based on a combination of applications,and enhance the applicability,flexibility,and professionalism of the dispatching and control system.Standardization of the dispatching control system scenarios,dispatching control detection,and evaluation should be carried out.

3.3 Enterprise management

Enterprise management mainly includes two business areas: basic resource operation and 3D grid design.

1)With the rapid development of the UPIoT and sharing economy,the sharing operation of basic power resources has become an emerging and extended business.At present,the relevant technical standards at home and abroad have not been fully established,and the standard of the supporting operation mode and profit mode is still in a blank state [18].To fully motivate the potential value of the assets,meet the requirements of the attribute-based resource flexibility and power resources of differentiated pricing,It is necessary to formulate the standards of Power basic resources operation,product pricing and power basic resources project effect post-evaluation as soon as possible,so as to clarify the rationality of the profit and loss allocation mechanism under participation of multiple main bodies and solve the problems existing in the development of business.

2)The power grid 3D design platform is a carrier and application tool for designing basic data.By providing standardized engineering databases,equipment databases,and other resources,it can help designers to realize mass retrieval,precise positioning,and overall reuse of the operation mode.With the advancement of standardization and modular design of the State Grid Corporation of China and the large-scale application of three-dimensional design,the design technology of the traditional power transmission and transformation engineering has become increasingly perfect [19].After many years of engineering verification,the current standard could guide the design of most conventional engineering very well.

Advanced complete design of direct-current transmission. With the continuous expansion of the number of UHVDC projects and the scale of investment,as well as the emergence of flexible power grids,offshore wind flexible direct,hybrid DC,and other forms of flexible DC,it is urgent to further improve and upgrade the advanced HVDC transmission design technology standard system represented by the UHVDC and flexible DC.Therefore,it is necessary to give full play to the leading and promoting role of technical standards and realize the unified standardization of the relevant indexes,interfaces,and requirements.

Engineering design of energy station. As the IoT is incorporated in the basic power theory research,the results of the studies are gradually applied to the design flood in the interconnected system planning area and the demonstration and construction of engineering facilities related to the electricity,heat,and energy transmission network.The system configuration and engineering technical standards should be developed as the base of engineering design.In terms of design methods and means,intelligent design needs to be further promoted and applied in the field of power distribution engineering design.There is an urgent need to develop a series of technical standards in combination with the intelligent improvement of engineering design and standardization of the design of integrated energy distribution facilities.

Digital design of secondary system. In the process of construction of the UPIoT,the development of a digital design technology for dynamic secondary systems has become a general trend,and relevant design standards need to be formulated and revised urgently.

3.4 Comprehensive energy service

A comprehensive energy service mainly includes three business areas: electric power storage,new energy operation and maintenance,and multi-energy conversion and comprehensive utilization.

1)According to the business application requirements of the UPIoT,the application of electric energy storage runs through all aspects of generation,transmission,supply,distribution,and utilization.It promotes the optimization of the grid structure planning and design,dispatch management,operation control,and usage methods [20].

Electrochemical energy storage. In terms of planning and design,according to different application scenarios of energy storage,it is necessary to develop standards for the basic principles and methods of electrochemical energy storage planning and configuration.With the development of electrochemical energy storage from centralized and plant stations to distributed and prefabricated tanks,a unified prefabricated tank energy storage system standard needs to be developed.In terms of grid-connection and inspection,it is necessary to formulate standards for evaluation of the grid-connection inspection and grid-connection operation of electrochemical energy storage power stations with large scale and large capacity.In terms of safety and environmental protection,we will promote the construction of standards for multi-energy complementarity and fire safety on the basis of the existing regulations and standards for grid-connection and operation management of energy storage power stations.

Physical energy storage. Compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage need the development of intelligent technology standards,covering the whole process of planning and design,engineering construction,production,operation,and maintenance,to enhance the ability to effectively participate in the power regulation of the grid.

Hydrogen storage. It is necessary to formulate standards for the design,construction,operation,and power grid access of hydrogen utilization systems,as well as standards for hydrogen energy conversion and storage technology.

2)A large number of intermittent and fluctuating new energy sources are connected to the grid,which poses challenges to its safe and stable operation.New energy operation and maintenance aims to solve the core demands of new energy operation and provide professional clean energy driven by big data and cloud computing life-cycle services [21].

Intelligent operation and maintenance. Priority is frequently given to big industrial users,which have the characteristics of large power consumption and specific loads.This requires improvement in the quality of the power supply service and reduction in the utilization cost,which need to be based on the company’s existing distribution network repair,maintenance,and inspection operations.This involves aspects such as defining priorities with park users,use of intelligent operations,and establishment of service content and service standards,electricity side operational service standards,and norms.

Resource assessment and power forecasting. The UPIoT can realize large-scale development,large-scale optimal allocation,and efficient utilization of renewable energy,including wind and solar energy.Resource assessment should be the first aspect to consider,and power prediction is the guarantee of service.At the same time,large-scale renewable energy bases and extreme climate conditions put forward new requirements for resource monitoring and assessment.The power prediction methods are different from the existing methods,and thus it is urgent to develop relevant standards for them.

Online evaluation of new energy. The overall capacity of the new energy power generation is large,and it has adjustable characteristics.The equipment characteristics are closely related to the operating conditions and parameters.To meet the relevant requirements of new energy perception and control under the UPIoT and realize online monitoring,analysis,utilization,and operation control of new energy power generation,it is necessary to improve the relevant technical standards in terms of data collection,data modeling,and functional applications.

3)Multi-energy conversion and comprehensive utilization include the coupling conversion and utilization of multiple energy sources such as electricity,cold,heat,and gas at the user side,which mainly involves an integrated energy system and integrated energy services [22].It can provide users with energy supply and energy services,meet various energy needs of end users,and effectively improve the economy and energy utilization efficiency of the terminal energy system through complementary coordination and optimization of various energy sources,which is the concrete embodiment of the application layer of the UPIoT on the user side.

Planning and design. Geological exploration engineering needs to consider the environmental survey required by different types of engineering construction schemes,which is a necessary way to realize a regional comprehensive energy and resource balance.The overall energy facilities,pipe network,and implementation plan in the region should be deployed in a unified way to ensure consistency and coordination of the regional energy planning,and ultimately to improve the comprehensive energy efficiency and economic benefits of energy planning.Therefore,comprehensive energy resource estimation,economic analysis,energy efficiency improvement,and other planning and design standards need to be formulated.Design standards for application scenarios of comprehensive energy in commercial complexes,hospitals,parks,and other areas need to be strengthened to improve the level of comprehensive energy design,so as to promote the application of comprehensive energy.

Source network charge storage. The UPIoT can realize two-way interaction,equal sharing,and value-added service of energy networks and the Internet.Among them,the deep coordination and interaction of all links of the “sourcenetwork-load-storage” is one of the key characteristics for realizing the UPIoT.To adapt to the different types and scales of the power supply,load,and energy storage connected to the grid and to participate in their interactive operation,it is urgent to establish relevant standards for the interactive coordination of charge and storage in the source network.

Comprehensive services. Comprehensive energy systems based on service are important for the comprehensive energy value stream.With the national energy trading market gradually accelerating the construction process and the current rapid development of green finance,the energy trading and integrated energy systems should participate as a whole in providing effective regulation and evaluation combined with energy market reform,carbon trading market promotion,SIM Venture Securities Exchange trading,and carbon trading assets,which imply the development of the relevant standards.

3.5 Emerging service

The emerging service mainly includes three business areas: power market,energy blockchain,and business model and business evaluation.

1)The construction of the electricity market is an important part of restoring the attributes of energy commodities,promoting effective competition,and promoting the revolution of the energy system.The development of the UPIoT application layer has brought many challenges to the power wholesale and retail market in terms of model and operation mechanism,supporting technology,and risk management and control [23].

Power market models and operations. To establish a complete power market system framework that includes and adapts to the development of the application layer of the UPIoT,to adapt to the flexible interaction between supply and demand and the demands of multi-type new market entities,and to coordinate the power market transactions and green card and other related auxiliary transactions,it is necessary to consolidate the power change through the timely formulation of various standards.

Power market operation and participation. An adaptive and generic UPIoT application layer power trading platform should be built,with overall architecture standards and a support system,to adapt to the long-term cover and spot between provinces and the wholesale and retail markets in each province of a unified national power market.The development needs to meet the needs of the new market main body industry market and adapt to the renewable energy vouchers,distributed energy,and other transaction types.Relevant models and data interactions need to be standardized,as well as the application of ICT technologies such as big data,artificial intelligence,blockchain,and disaster preparedness.

Power market monitoring. At home and abroad,there is basically a blank state.DL/T 1834 standardizes the credit information collection of power market subjects.It is necessary to standardize the credit evaluation of multi-type market entities and the evaluation of the operation of the electric power market and standardize the risk assessment of the operation of the spot,medium,and long-term electric power market,including early warning and control of the related risk.

Power market simulation and deduction. Research on power market simulation and training and the related laboratory construction have been carried out,but there is no relevant standard at present.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the training of the personnel in charge of market simulation and operation and establish the relevant standards and specifications.

2)As an emerging information technology infrastructure that combines distributed storage,consensus algorithms,cryptography,smart contracts,and other technologies,the blockchain technology can solve the multi-agent collaboration,open data sharing,and environmental fairness faced by the development of the UPIoT [24].

Basic commonalities. In the face of each unit,the blockchain technology is increasingly pressing needs.It is necessary to plan as a whole to study and develop the existing block chains and adhere to a demand-oriented design suitable for the blocks in the field of the energy power chain general standards.This should be accomplished focusing on the power block chain system function,performance,safety,and compatibility of test work.The quality of technical standards should be improved by developing a base class standard.The electrical energy block chain standard work will lay the necessary foundation.

Core technology. The blockchain technology guarantees multi-party verification,traceability,and tamper-resistant data through a decentralized multi-party record mode,and it establishes a more efficient and machine-like method for trust between multiple participants.To ensure the normal operation of the blockchain system and the normal on-chain of each transaction,it is necessary to develop standards for core technologies such as privacy computing,smart contracts,cross-chains and interoperability,consensus mechanisms,and distributed storage,and solve the technical problems of the application of blockchain technology in the field of energy and power.

Service. The construction of an energy and power blockchain public service platform requires the development of blockchain system service-related standards,while actively exploring new business models and constantly promoting a deepening application of the blockchain technology.Through the development of middleware,interface,on-chain,off-chain,prophecy,data sharing,system interaction,and other service standards,the key standards supporting the construction of energy and power blockchain public service platforms will be formed.These standards will guide the research and development of energy and power blockchain public service platforms and the development of on-chain applications.

Business applications. The application standards or norms of the blockchain business are summarized according to the typical application scenarios of the blockchain in the company.These include distributed energy production based on electric power generation equipment specifications,data monitoring based on electric power dispatching,electricity trading guidelines based on the power of the financial industry chain financial norm,power data inquiry specifications,shipment inspection specifications based on operation regulation,work safety standards based on the power of the power service data service specification,a free net phone application guide,and other business application class standards.

Guarantee. The decentralization and self-organization of the blockchain technology may also cause security problems that cannot be ignored in the process of application of the technology,such as network attack threats,data loss,leakage,and other issues.Standards are urgently needed to standardize the technical architecture and security architecture of energy blockchain platforms.These standards will guide the work on energy blockchain data security,network security,application security,system security,and so on.

3)Business models and business evaluations are important means of enhancing the business revenue elasticity,reasonably controlling the investment,and seeking profit growth points in the face of multiple profit-reducing factors such as an external economic downturn,tightened policy and supervision,and normal epidemic prevention and control.Therefore,to ensure the standardized and orderly development of the business,the economy of the business and the health and sustainability of the business model need to be guaranteed [25].

Business innovation and operation of the new energy cloud and other platforms. The new energy cloud application platform “big cloud content wise chain,”the edge of cloud computing,the collaborative approach,and other advanced information and communication technologies have a business wide coverage.However,those based on the new energy,such as the energy cloud platform to build internet-related functions and data standard systems,are not yet perfect.Based on the data of the Chinese general class,new energy cloud business data specification class,and new energy cloud applications,it is necessary to improve the related standard system from several aspects.

Comprehensive energy service project technology evaluation and operation. Comprehensive energy service systems are in a rapid development phase at home and abroad.The project of forming a complete technology set with evaluation criteria for their operation is relatively lagging behind.International standards are still in a blank state,and the suitability and coverage of the domestic relevant standards have deficiencies.There is a need to focus on the key integrated energy application technologies and economic standards.A comprehensive valuation of the energy service benefits should include value and risk evaluation and comprehensive evaluation standards,such as those for establishing the business model feasibility.

Technical and economic analyses and business model construction. With the development of the UPIoT technology and the gradual increase in related project demonstrations,the profit model and the technical,economic,and social benefits of the project have attracted increasing attention.Therefore,it is necessary to fully consider the multi-subject interest game,build a reasonable UPIoT business and profit model,and improve the efficiency and benefits of the project through technological and economic evaluation and other means.Standard layout work should be carried out based on technical and economic analyses,effectiveness evaluation of multi-station integration construction,and business model construction.

Sharing operation and value mining of basic power resources.The concept of “economic share” has entered the stage of rapid development.The potential value of the stock assets should be tapped by improving the efficiency and incremental utilization of electric power resources.To establish a standard for the supporting system,the current operational design needs to be based on the construction of electric power resources,product pricing-based resources,and electric power business and project investment evaluation.

4 Promotion and implementation of standardization of UPIoT application layer

Accelerating the Development of Standards. We will accelerate the development of the standards.Based on the principle of “common first,urgent first” we should focus on the overall consideration of market demand and technical feasibility.This will facilitate the development of standards that need to be revised.We need to consistently develop the necessary technical support and policy guarantees for the standards.

Promoting standards to go global. On the basis of studying and learning from the latest international achievements in many fields,including big data,cloud computing,IoT,mobile Internet,artificial intelligence,blockchain,and edge computing,we attempt to analyze the key areas and technological achievements to create international standards.This will allow us to promote companies in the power sector with international influence in the field of the UPIoT application layer.

Acknowledgements

Project supported by Science and Technology Foundation of State Grid Corporation of China (Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things Technical Standard System)5442HL190008 and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB0905900).

Declaration of Competing Interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.